機(jī)械設(shè)備 (MD指令)

機(jī)械設(shè)備是指：若干部件或零件連接在一起的組合裝置，其中至少有一個(gè)零部件通過(guò)適用的驅(qū)動(dòng)件、控制和功率電路等而運(yùn)動(dòng)，這些零部件的組合是為了某一特定的應(yīng)用，特別是為了用于材料加工、處理、運(yùn)送或包裝；

若干機(jī)器的組合裝置，這些機(jī)器是為了達(dá)到共同的目的被組合和控制，使其作為一個(gè)整體運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；

調(diào)整機(jī)器功能的可互換設(shè)備，這種設(shè)備投放市場(chǎng)的目的是用來(lái)裝配在一部機(jī)器或一系列不同的機(jī)器上，或者由操作者裝在牽引車上，但是這類設(shè)備不是備件或工具。

機(jī)械的定義：新版機(jī)械指令2006/42/EC于2009年12月29日開始執(zhí)行，其所包含的產(chǎn)品范圍和排除條款相比舊機(jī)械指令98/37/EC有所調(diào)整，現(xiàn)將新的機(jī)械指令2006/42/EC的產(chǎn)品范圍公布如下：

(a) 機(jī)械；

(b) 可互換設(shè)備；

(c) 安全組件；

(d) 鏈、繩和帶；

(e)舉升設(shè)備附件；

(f) 可拆卸的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置；

(g) 半成品機(jī)械。

危險(xiǎn)機(jī)械有哪些？

2006/42/EC指令對(duì)于[一般機(jī)械]與被認(rèn)為特別危險(xiǎn)的機(jī)械（附件四機(jī)械）有明顯的區(qū)別。在進(jìn)行符合指令規(guī)范的步驟前，很重要的一點(diǎn)是，先要區(qū)分出你的機(jī)器是不是附件四的機(jī)械。

下列為機(jī)械指令附件四所列的“危險(xiǎn)機(jī)械”：1. Circular saws (single- or multi-blade) for working with wood and material with similar physical characteristics or for working with meat and material with similar physical characteristics, of the following types:

1.1. sawing machinery with fixed blade(s) during cutting, having a fixed bed or support with manual feed of the workpiece or with a demountable power feed;

1.2. sawing machinery with fixed blade(s) during cutting, having a manually operated reciprocating saw-bench orcarriage;

1.3 sawing machinery with fixed blade(s) during cutting, having a built-in mechanical feed device for the workpieces,with manual loading and/or unloading;

1.4. sawing machinery with movable blade(s) during cutting, having mechanical movement of the blade, with manual loading and/or unloading.

2. Hand-fed surface planing machinery for woodworking.

3. Thicknessers for one-side dressing having a built-in mechanical feed device, with manual loading and/or unloading for woodworking.

4. Band-saws with manual loading and/or unloading for working with wood and material with similar physical characteristics or for working with meat and material with similar physical characteristics, of the following types:

4.1. sawing machinery with fixed blade(s) during cutting, having a fixed or reciprocating-movement bed or support for the workpiece;

4.2. sawing machinery with blade(s) assembled on a carriage with reciprocating motion.

5. Combined machinery of the types referred to in points 1 to 4 and in point 7 for working with wood and material with similar physical characteristics.

6. Hand-fed tenoning machinery with several tool holders for woodworking.

7. Hand-fed vertical spindle moulding machinery for working with wood and material with similar physical characteristics.

8. Portable chainsaws for woodworking.

9. Presses, including press-brakes, for the cold working of metals, with manual loading and/or unloading, whose movable working parts may have a travel exceeding 6 mm and a speed exceeding 30 mm/s.

10. Injection or compression plastics-moulding machinery with manual loading or unloading.

11. Injection or compression rubber-moulding machinery with manual loading or unloading.

12. Machinery for underground working of the following types:

12.1. locomotives and brake-vans;

12.2. hydraulic-powered roof supports.

13. Manually loaded trucks for the collection of household refuse incorporating a compression mechanism.

14. Removable mechanical transmission devices including their guards.

15. Guards for removable mechanical transmission devices.

16. Vehicle servicing lifts.

17. Devices for the lifting of persons or of persons and goods involving a hazard of falling from a vertical height of more than three metres.

18. Portable cartridge-operated fixing and other impact machinery.

19. Protective devices designed to detect the presence of persons.

20. Power-operated interlocking movable guards designed to be used as safeguards in machinery referred to in points 9, 10 and 11.

21. Logic units to ensure safety functions.

22. Roll-over protective structures (ROPS).

23. Falling-object protective structures (FOPS).

部分完成機(jī)械定義：‘部分完成機(jī)械’指接近于機(jī)械但自身無(wú)法完成特定功能的設(shè)備。如驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)即為部分完成機(jī)械。部分完成機(jī)械只有與其他機(jī)械或其他部分完成機(jī)械裝配在一起時(shí)方能稱之為機(jī)械，從而可以應(yīng)用此指令。

以下產(chǎn)品不屬于機(jī)械指令范圍：

依指令之規(guī)定，下列各項(xiàng)機(jī)械不屬于本指令之范圍(Article):

(a) 由原始機(jī)械的制造商提供，用作備件替換相同組件的安全組件；

(b)  為核用途而專門設(shè)計(jì)或交付使用的，發(fā)生故障時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生核輻射的機(jī)械；

(c) 賽場(chǎng)和（或）游樂場(chǎng)使用的專用設(shè)備；

(d) 武器，包括輕武器；

(e) 下列運(yùn)輸工具：

— 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包含在2003/37/EC指令中的的農(nóng)業(yè)和林業(yè)拖拉機(jī)，但安裝在這些車輛上的機(jī)械除外，

— 1970年2月6日關(guān)于使各成員國(guó)有關(guān)機(jī)動(dòng)車輛及其掛車型式認(rèn)可的各項(xiàng)法律趨于一致的理事會(huì)指令70/156/EEC所涵蓋的機(jī)動(dòng)車及其掛車(1)，但安裝于這些車輛上的機(jī)械除外，

— 2002年3月18日關(guān)于兩輪或三輪摩托車型式認(rèn)可的歐洲議會(huì)和歐洲聯(lián)盟理事會(huì)2002/24/EC指令(2)所涵蓋的車輛，但安裝于這些車輛上的機(jī)械除外，

— 專門用于比賽的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛，和空運(yùn)、水運(yùn)和鐵路線路中的運(yùn)輸工具，但安裝于這些運(yùn)輸工具上的機(jī)械除外；

(f)  為軍用或警用專門設(shè)計(jì)和制造的機(jī)械；

(g) 海輪及近海移動(dòng)設(shè)施，以及安裝在其甲板上的機(jī)械；

(h) 為研究目的而專門設(shè)計(jì)和制造的實(shí)驗(yàn)室臨時(shí)使用的機(jī)械；

(i) 礦用卷?yè)P(yáng)傳動(dòng)裝置；

(j) 文藝表演期間用于移動(dòng)演員的機(jī)械；

(k)1973年2月19日關(guān)于協(xié)調(diào)各成員國(guó)用于某些電壓（低電壓）范圍內(nèi)的電氣設(shè)備法律的理事會(huì)指令73/23/EEC(1)所涵蓋的下列范圍內(nèi)的電氣和電子產(chǎn)品：

— 家用電器，

— 信息技術(shù)設(shè)備，

— 音頻和視頻設(shè)備，

— 普通辦公用機(jī)械，

— 低壓開關(guān)設(shè)備和控制裝置，

— 電動(dòng)機(jī)；

(l) 下列類型的高壓電氣設(shè)備：

— 開關(guān)設(shè)備和操作裝置，

— 變壓器。

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